On 24 January 2022, the military and its "Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration" (MPSR) declared itself to be in power. More than one million of the country's 21 million inhabitants are internally displaced persons. Several militias, partly allied with Islamic State (IS) or al-Qaeda, operate across the borders to Mali and Niger. īurkina Faso has been severely affected by the rise of Islamist terror in the Sahel since the mid-2010s. Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme which included a nationwide literacy campaign, land redistribution to peasants, railway and road construction, and the outlawing of female genital mutilation, forced marriages, and polygamy. Thomas Sankara served as the country's President from 1982 until he was killed in the 1987 coup led by Blaise Compaoré who became president and ruled the country until his removal on 31 October 2014. In its early years, the country was subject to instability, droughts, famines and corruption. In 1960, it gained full independence with Maurice Yaméogo as President. In 1896, it was colonized by the French as part of French West Africa in 1958, Upper Volta became a self-governing colony within the French Community. They established powerful kingdoms such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. The largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. Its citizens are known as Burkinabè ( / b ɜːr ˈ k iː n ə b eɪ/ bur- KEE-nə-beh), and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), it was renamed Burkina Faso by President Thomas Sankara. Judging from the French reaction to the exodus from the Ivory Coast and Upper Volta, it is clear that migrations, as protests, proved far less costly to Africans and had much the same effect on the colonial authorities as did other more militant forms of protest and rebellion.The data here is an estimation for the year 2005 produced by the International Monetary Fund in April 2005.īurkina Faso ( UK: / b ɜːr ˌ k iː n ə ˈ f æ s oʊ/, US: /- ˈ f ɑː s oʊ/ ( listen) French: ) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of 274,200 km 2 (105,900 sq mi), bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. The use of repressive police measures, as manifested in the Native Penal and Indigénat Codes, exacerbated African discontent. These compelling factors included forced labour, burdensome taxation, conscription, requisitions and an attack on indigenous political institutions, notably chieftaincy. The causes of protest migrations were usually related to the same resentments which provoked revolt in localities where armed confrontation was the only option. The case of the Ivory Coast and Upper Volta illustrates a phenomenon found in various parts of French West Africa and, indeed, in other colonies, particularly the Belgian and Portuguese territories. Existing studies of African protest movements focus on armed confrontations, perhaps because of their greater dramatic appeal. Existing studies of migration emphasize the socio-economic aspects of motivation and have tended to gloss over or even omit migrations in which the dominant factor was disapproval of colonial policy. This study is offered as a contribution to the literature on African protest movements during the era of colonial rule.
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